What is ADHD?

Published at 24-04-2025 16:24:40

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition that affects behaviour, learning, and social interactions. Children with ADHD often feel out of control or isolated, which can lead to challenges in both their academic and social lives. It's essential to note that ADHD is a behavioural disorder, not a result of low intelligence, and it’s not the child’s fault.

With a supportive environment, understanding, and appropriate medical care, children with ADHD can lead full, enriching lives.

Key Symptoms of ADHD

Children with ADHD typically display three main symptom types:

1. Inattention: Difficulty concentrating, forgetting instructions, and switching tasks without completion.
2. Impulsivity: Interrupting others, difficulty waiting, and acting without considering consequences.
3. Hyperactivity: Constant fidgeting, restlessness, and a tendency to be "on the go."

Diagnosis of ADHD

ADHD diagnoses are usually performed by professionals such as paediatricians, psychologists, or psychiatrists. There isn’t a single test for ADHD; rather, the diagnosis involves a comprehensive assessment, including observations from parents, teachers, and healthcare providers. Symptoms must be present across multiple settings (e.g., home, school) and interfere with daily life.

Key Criteria for Diagnosing ADHD

Some of the common diagnostic criteria for ADHD include:

• Inattention: Often careless mistakes, easily distracted, and forgetful.
• Hyperactivity: Often fidgeting, leaving seats unexpectedly, and talking excessively.
• Impulsivity: Difficulty waiting for turns, interrupting conversations, and acting without thinking.

Types of ADHD

Health professionals categorize ADHD into three types:

1. Combined Type: Meeting criteria for both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
2. Predominantly Inattentive Type: Meeting criteria primarily for inattention.
3. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Meeting criteria mainly for hyperactivity-impulsivity.

What Causes ADHD?

The exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, but potential contributing factors include:

• Neurophysiology: Differences in brain structure and activity.
• Genetics: Genetic components may increase the risk of ADHD.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to lead, prenatal substance exposure, or lack of early attachment may contribute to ADHD symptoms.

Supporting Children with ADHD

Caring for a child with ADHD can be challenging, requiring patience, consistency, and often, a variety of techniques to manage behaviour effectively. Here are some strategies to help:

• Develop Routines: Create a consistent daily schedule to help your child know what to expect.
• Set Clear, Simple Rules: Make expectations easy to understand, and calmly remind your child of these rules.
• Use Positive Reinforcement: Praise and reward positive behaviours to encourage repetition.
• Keep Instructions Brief: Give one or two instructions at a time and ensure your child understands.
• Establish Consequences: Implement logical consequences for unacceptable behaviours, like “time out” or restricted playtime.

Treatment Options for ADHD

There are several ways to manage ADHD symptoms effectively, often with a combination of therapies and support systems:

1. Medication: Stimulant medications are commonly prescribed to help reduce hyperactivity and improve focus.
2. Therapies: Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural therapies (CBT) teach children coping skills for managing their symptoms.
3. Parenting Skills Training: Many parents find benefit in training programs that help them encourage positive behaviours.
4. Counselling and Support Groups: For both children and family members, talking to counsellors or joining support groups can provide valuable emotional support and coping strategies.

Where to Find Help and Support

ADHD is a lifelong condition, but with support and understanding, children with ADHD can thrive. Here are some helpful resources in Australia:

• Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne: Offers comprehensive ADHD resources, including treatment options and parenting strategies. Visit their Kids Health Info page for more information.
• Parentline: Call 13 22 89 for free support and guidance for parents and caregivers.
• ADHD Australia: A national body providing resources, education, and advocacy for families living with ADHD.
• ADHD Support Australia: Offers a range of resources, including a list of ADHD tutors for personalized support.